Reading and Writing

Suppose you are reading a book of poetry; it could be the one published anonymously, in 1798, as Lyrical Ballads, With a Few Other Poems. You have somehow accepted that the book is worth reading. Do you care about any of the following?

  1. What is or is not on the title page.
  2. What is in the Advertisement that precedes the poems themselves.
  3. What order the poems were printed in.
  4. What meter or rhyme scheme they have.
  5. What was happening in the world in the year of publication.

You may care. You should not feel that you ought to care, if you are reading the poems in school.

That is the thesis of this post. I have learned that it may not be accepted.

I would seem to be defending the practice that I learned as an undergraduate at St John’s College. However, most of that defense will come in a later post (namely “Reading and Talking,” preceded by a post on Goethe’s Faust called “Motion and Rest”). I drafted that later post earlier, but then it seemed as if there was a lot more to say, or acknowledge, or recognize. That more is here.


Three bananas, mostly black with some white foam, lie on paper bags on a counter among assorted jars

Would you accept a black banana? We learned this year (on Monday, September 22, 2025) that leaving bananas at home for a month need not be a disaster (except for not getting to eat the bananas)

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Craft and Craftiness

Craft is what in Greek is τέχνη: skill. One can refer to technical skill, for emphasis, or to allude to the Greek word; however, perhaps there is no skill that is not technical, and nothing technical that is not related to a skill. In that case, “technical” is just an adjective form of “skill,” and the phrase “technical skill” is a kind of polyptoton. (See footnote 1.)

In the translation by David Grene of the Philoctetes of Sophocles, “craft” is used in the pejorative sense of craftiness. The Greek is δόλος, not τέχνη; however, the latter too can have the same pejorative sense.

Books referred to here: (1) Sophocles II; (2) Sophoclis Fabulae; (3) Sophocles’ Dramas; (4) Goethe’s Faust; (5) A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, second edition; (6) Modern English Usage. In each row of three, the first book is paperback; the second, hardback with jacket; the third, hardback without jacket, but tilted so the spine can be read

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The System

After sitting behind his father on a motorcycle for a day, and riding through a thunderstorm, Chris Pirsig wants to tell and hear ghost stories. He asks whether his father believes in ghosts.

Clear blue sky above; below, a sand beach, with a strip of sea visible; on the left, a brick road parallel to the shore passes in the distance through trees

Altınova, September 10, 2025

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Gödel and AI

To prove that no recursive theory of addition and multiplication of the counting numbers can be complete, Gödel relies on the distinction between the subjective and the objective. I suggested this in “Subjective and Objective,” while noting also that, for a computer, all is subjective.

At the inner corner of a street, interlocking bricks break out of their pattern

Incomplete pavement
Altınova, Ayvalik, Balıkesir
September 9, 2025

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Artificial Language

TL;DR: AI writing is like human writing. Of course it is, since its model is human writing. But then what AI produces is like bad human writing.

My sources include Plato, Wendell Berry, George Orwell, E. B. White, William Deresiewicz, Hadley Freeman, Andrew Kay, Kenneth G. Crawford, Hollis Robbins, Yuval Noah Harari, William Egginton, Megan Fritts, and Vi Hart.


About preparing certain seeds for human consumption in an infusion:

For sensory attributes, I’m admittedly Platonic and believe that since coffee is a fruit, it should taste something like a fruit. (And it’s not just any fruit – it’s a cherry!) My roasting philosophy comes from the same conviction. Generally, I’m after bright, juicy, fruity, syrupy goodness.

Thus Caleb Bilgen, founder of Ánimo Coffee Roasters in Asheville, North Carolina.

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From a terrace beneath an awning, a low wall obscured by ivy, oleander, and quince; on the other side, a lawn with a jungle gym; beyond this, a weeping willow and a small white house beneath umbrella pines

What I see as the sun rises
Altınova, Ayvalik, Balıkesir
September 5, 2025

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Prairie Life

I’m going to make some comparisons here, even some likenings, mainly between

  • Robert Pirsig, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance (1974), especially chapter 2, and
  • Wendell Berry, “Conservation is Good Work” (Sex, Economy, Freedom & Community, 1993; reprinted in Essays 1993–2017, Library of America, 2019).

Pirsig recounts a motorcycle trip west from Minnesota across the prairie. The riders pass through Yellowstone National Park, but Pirsig does not like it. At least his former self did not like it. This is in chapter 12 of ZAMM:

The guided-tour attitude of the rangers angered him. The Bronx Zoo attitudes of the tourists disgusted him even more … It seemed an enormous museum with exhibits carefully manicured to give the illusion of reality, but nicely chained off so that children would not injure them.

For Berry, such parks set the wrong standard for what should be conserved:

Right at the heart of American conservation, from the beginning, has been the preservation of spectacular places. The typical American park is in a place that is “breathtakingly” beautiful or wonderful and of little apparent economic value. Mountains, canyons, deserts, spectacular landforms, geysers, waterfalls – these are the stuff of parks. There is, significantly, no prairie national park.

I do see that Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve was created in Kansas in 1996.

A number of roses in three groups on canes sharing a root, against ground covered with pine needles; the shadow of a tree trunk divides the scene diagonally

Roses in the garden
Altınova, Ayvalik, Balıkesir
September 2, 2025

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Omniscience

I have been working on a post that could have been the result of the following prompt:

Write on Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem and AI, using such thinkers as

  • Yuval Noah Harari (b. 1976),
  • William Deresiewicz (b. 1964),
  • Annie Dillard (b. 1945),
  • Roger Penrose (b. 1931),
  • Robert Pirsig (1928–2017),
  • George Orwell (1903–50),
  • E.B. White (1899–1985),
  • Michael Attaleiates (c. 1022–80), and
  • Plato (fl. 4th cent. b.c.e.).

Not until I had finished a first draft did I actually know that all of those people would feature. My real prompt had been more like,

In the style of David Pierce, write on Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem and AI, as discussed by Roger Penrose in his “Précis of The Emperor’s New Mind.

So instructed, could an LLM have come up with the connections that I did? Well, sure. Anything that has happened, could have happened, even in some other way. The real question is whether I would want AI to write my next post.

The present post consists of things I wanted to say at the beginning of that other post, after I had a first draft.

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Note added September 27, 2025. The next post after this one was

  • Prairie Life,” comparing Robert Pirsig and Wendell Berry, because I was reading them both.

After that came the two posts that the draft mentioned above turned into:

After those came

  • The System,” on what was bothering Pirsig; this led me to the resurgence of fascism today.

I was trying to work all of this out in the place in the photo below.

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Two tall bushes, lit up by the sun, rise in front of a low wall, next to a pine trunk; crowns of pines behind

Laurels in the garden
Altınova, Ayvalik, Balıkesir
September 2, 2025

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Ethics of Mathematics

The 12 blue edges of a cube and the 12 green edges of an octahedron respectively bisect one another at right angles

Zometool construction, Ankara, November 20, 2010

The main point of this post is to share a passage from an essay by the late William Thurston:

1 What is it that mathematicians accomplish?

… We are not trying to meet some abstract production quota of definitions, theorems and proofs. The measure of our success is whether what we do enables people to understand and think more clearly and effectively about mathematics.

Therefore, we need to ask ourselves:

2 How do people understand mathematics?

This is a very hard question. Understanding is an individual and internal matter that is hard to be fully aware of, hard to understand and often hard to communicate …

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Courage

Below is my essay on courage, first drafted in April of last year (2024). A reason to think of it now is a recent pair of essays, coming from the United States:

The latter takes up all of the virtues that Socrates does.

Plato didn’t get everything right, but he remains one of the most widely studied philosophers in western history for a reason. In Book IV of The Republic, he discusses the four cardinal virtues. Hope didn’t make the list.

Here they are:

  • Wisdom (or prudence)
  • Self-control (or temperance)
  • Fairness (or justice)
  • Fortitude (or courage)

These four virtues feed a healthy society. We’re supposed to teach them to our young and practice them every day. Hope stems from an insufficient knowledge about the world, but fortitude grows out of wisdom.

We’re long on hope, but short on fortitude.

It would be good if we had more fortitude. As Wildfire writes more recently, in “Fighting Fascism at The End of The World: What nobody wants to say” (August 20, 2025),

It’s gotten popular to tell people to physically throw themselves in front of ICE agents to stop arrests. Allow me to pose a rude question: If someone won’t even wear a piece of cloth on their face for a few hours a day, are they going to get thrown in jail to protect someone they don’t even know?

For Aristotle at least, there is a distinction between the two qualities that could be meant by fortitude and courage respectively. The distinction is a theme of my own essay below.

Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, Crisp translation; behind it calm water, with wooded bluffs dotted with houses beyond

Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics
Tuesday, July 11, 2023
I usually read Rackham’s translation in the Loeb edition
sometimes along the Bosphorus, as here

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Just World

In “Biological History,” I talk about some stories by Somerset Maugham. The theme is a confusion between biological (or generally physical) facts and historical (or personal) facts.

I originally made the post on January 9, 2023. I have returned to it a few times since. I did this most recently when a friend told me of purchasing, in Toronto, Ontario, a two-volume edition of Maugham’s complete short stories. Probably this was the same edition that I had bought in Hamilton, Ontario, a quarter-century earlier.

Working again through “Biological History,” I wanted to spell out a remark about what is either the just-world hypothesis or the just-world fallacy. I am going to do that here, using verses of Parmenides of Elea. Parmenides will lead me in turn to Dr Seuss and the fallacy of artificial intelligence.

Book and paraphernalia on a picnic table below a pine tree with crows on the bare lower branches

Where I read Parmenides
Erguvantepe, Sarıyer, Istanbul
July 19, 2025

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